氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉NaOH俗稱火堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、燒堿(jian)(jian)(jian)、苛性鈉。氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)十分(fen)廣，在化學(xue)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)中(zhong)，除了用(yong)(yong)做試劑(ji)(ji)以外(wai)，由于它有很(hen)強的(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)性，可用(yong)(yong)于干(gan)燥氣體，還可用(yong)(yong)做堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性干(gan)燥劑(ji)(ji)。燒堿(jian)(jian)(jian)在國(guo)民經濟(ji)中(zhong)有廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)，許多(duo)工業(ye)(ye)部門都需要。使用(yong)(yong)多(duo)的(de)(de)部門是(shi)化學(xue)藥(yao)品的(de)(de)制(zhi)造(zao)，其次是(shi)煉油，造(zao)紙、煉鋁、煉鎢、人(ren)造(zao)絲、人(ren)造(zao)棉和(he)肥皂制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)。氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈣Ca(OH)2俗稱澄(cheng)清石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)水(shui)、消石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)，可由生(sheng)(sheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)（即氧(yang)(yang)化鈣）與水(shui)反應制(zhi)得(de)，反應時(shi)會放出大量(liang)的(de)(de)熱。農業(ye)(ye)上常用(yong)(yong)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈣中(zhong)和(he)酸性土壤，也用(yong)(yong)它來(lai)配(pei)制(zhi)農藥(yao)波爾多(duo)液。日常生(sheng)(sheng)活中(zhong)的(de)(de)三(san)合土、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)漿的(de)(de)主要成分(fen)都是(shi)熟(shu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)。另外(wai)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈣的(de)(de)澄(cheng)清水(shui)溶液常用(yong)(yong)于實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)檢驗(yan)二(er)(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳。隨(sui)溫度(du)升高(gao)溶解度(du)下降。大理石(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)含有少(shao)量(liang)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈣，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)中(zhong)用(yong)(yong)碳酸鈣和(he)鹽(yan)酸反應制(zhi)二(er)(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳。在制(zhi)造(zao)油漆和(he)涂料時(shi)，復合堿(jian)(jian)(jian)可以用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)穩定劑(ji)(ji)和(he)乳化劑(ji)(ji)。工業(ye)(ye)大蘇打總(zong)代(dai)

1.用(yong)(yong)于生產(chan)(chan)染(ran)料(liao)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)中(zhong)所需(xu)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)染(ran)料(liao)，是(shi)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)青和(he)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藍的(de)原料(liao)，是(shi)印(yin)染(ran)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)溶(rong)(rong)解硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)染(ran)料(liao)的(de)助染(ran)劑。2、改善鋁與合金(jin)堿(jian)性(xing)蝕刻(ke)溶(rong)(rong)液中(zhong)的(de)蝕刻(ke)表(biao)面質(zhi)量，同(tong)時也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于堿(jian)性(xing)蝕刻(ke)溶(rong)(rong)液中(zhong)鋅等堿(jian)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)重金(jin)屬雜質(zhi)的(de)去除。3、用(yong)(yong)于直接電鍍中(zhong)導電層(ceng)的(de)處理，通過硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉與鈀反應生成(cheng)膠體硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈀來達到在非金(jin)屬表(biao)面形(xing)成(cheng)良好導電層(ceng)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。4、用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)緩(huan)蝕劑，硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)堿(jian)是(shi)硫(liu)(liu)代(dai)硫(liu)(liu)酸鈉、多硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉、硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)染(ran)料(liao)等的(de)原料(liao)。5、用(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)造硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)染(ran)料(liao)、皮革脫毛劑，金(jin)屬冶煉、人造絲(si)脫硝(xiao)等。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)堿(jian)批發復合堿(jian)可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)肥料(liao)，提高(gao)作(zuo)(zuo)物的(de)產(chan)(chan)量和(he)質(zhi)量。

二是(shi)看土(tu)(tu)(tu)色(se)。一般(ban)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)過大(da)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)濕時糊爛、干時則(ze)結成硬塊，舔(tian)嘗時有(you)苦澀味。在(zai)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)過大(da)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)，雨(yu)后(hou)(hou)地(di)(di)皮結皮，干時松散(san)。或(huo)將散(san)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)放入水中(zhong)(zhong)攪濁，澄清(qing)后(hou)(hou)取出清(qing)液煮干，底層有(you)少許白(bai)霜(shuang)狀。通常紅(hong)色(se)或(huo)黃(huang)色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)為(wei)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)，如黃(huang)泥田(tian)、紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)旱土(tu)(tu)(tu)、紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)荒(huang)(huang)地(di)(di)等。紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)因成土(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)不同，酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)弱不同，一般(ban)紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)pH值為(wei)4.5～6.0；黃(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)大(da)，一般(ban)pH值為(wei)4.0～5.5，還(huan)有(you)酸(suan)度(du)特大(da)的(de)在(zai)4.2以下(xia)。同一種土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)上，土(tu)(tu)(tu)色(se)能幫我們判(pan)斷酸(suan)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)。酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)一般(ban)顏色(se)較(jiao)深(shen)，多(duo)(duo)為(wei)黑褐色(se)，而堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)顏色(se)多(duo)(duo)呈白(bai)、黃(huang)等淺色(se)。比如黃(huang)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)，表現為(wei)紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)黃(huang)泥的(de)pH值為(wei)6.8左右，黑泥夾砂的(de)為(wei)7.1。同為(wei)紅(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)，是(shi)荒(huang)(huang)地(di)(di)的(de)為(wei)4.7，變(bian)黃(huang)紅(hong)色(se)后(hou)(hou)則(ze)上升到6.2，烏(wu)紅(hong)色(se)后(hou)(hou)則(ze)維持在(zai)6.6。

在三(san)種(zhong)蘇(su)(su)打中(zhong)(zhong)，碳(tan)酸(suan)鈉的用(yong)(yong)途(tu)廣。它是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)十分(fen)(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的化(hua)工產品，是玻璃、肥(fei)皂、紡織(zhi)(zhi)、造紙(zhi)、制革等(deng)工業的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)原料(liao)。冶(ye)金工業以及凈化(hua)水(shui)也都(dou)用(yong)(yong)到它。它還可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其他鈉化(hua)合物的制造。早在十八(ba)世紀，它就(jiu)和(he)(he)硫(liu)酸(suan)、鹽酸(suan)、硝酸(suan)、燒堿(jian)(jian)并(bing)列為基礎化(hua)工原料(liao)——三(san)酸(suan)兩(liang)堿(jian)(jian)之一(yi)(yi)。在日常生活中(zhong)(zhong)，蘇(su)(su)打也有很(hen)(hen)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)途(tu)，比(bi)如它可(ke)(ke)以直接作(zuo)為洗(xi)滌(di)劑使用(yong)(yong)，在蒸饅頭(tou)時(shi)加一(yi)(yi)些(xie)蘇(su)(su)打，可(ke)(ke)以中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)發酵(jiao)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)產生的酸(suan)性物質。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)蘇(su)(su)打小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)蘇(su)(su)打的化(hua)學式是NaHCO3。它的名(ming)字也有很(hen)(hen)多(duo)，學名(ming)碳(tan)酸(suan)氫鈉，又稱(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)碳(tan)酸(suan)鈉或(huo)酸(suan)式碳(tan)酸(suan)鈉。俗名(ming)除小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)蘇(su)(su)打外，還有焙燒蘇(su)(su)打、發酵(jiao)蘇(su)(su)打和(he)(he)重(zhong)(zhong)堿(jian)(jian)等(deng)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)蘇(su)(su)打是白色晶體(ti)，溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)，水(shui)溶(rong)液呈弱堿(jian)(jian)性。在熱(re)(re)空氣中(zhong)(zhong)，它能(neng)緩慢分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，放(fang)(fang)出一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)二氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)；加熱(re)(re)至270℃時(shi)全部分(fen)(fen)解(jie)放(fang)(fang)出二氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)。2NaHCO3====Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑堿(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)制造纖維素、紙(zhi)張和(he)(he)紡織(zhi)(zhi)品等(deng)纖維素制品。

本研究(jiu)利用(yong)熒光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)譜來表征(zheng)蛋白(bai)(bai)三級結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)變化，如圖(tu)2所示，與對照蛋白(bai)(bai)相(xiang)比，堿處理的(de)(de)(de)SPI沒有發(fa)生(sheng)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)移(yi)或藍移(yi)現象，但是其熒光(guang)(guang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)明(ming)顯增加(jia)，這(zhe)是由(you)于堿誘(you)導(dao)(dao)促(cu)使(shi)蛋白(bai)(bai)分子(zi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)展(zhan)開，使(shi)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)色基團(tuan)暴露(lu)。超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)處理的(de)(de)(de)SPI熒光(guang)(guang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)增加(jia)并發(fa)生(sheng)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)(hong)移(yi)現象，這(zhe)是由(you)于超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)化作(zuo)用(yong)或機械剪切應力(li)導(dao)(dao)致蛋白(bai)(bai)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)變得松散，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)芳香族氨(an)基酸(suan)暴露(lu)出來，造成熒光(guang)(guang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)增加(jia)。與對照蛋白(bai)(bai)相(xiang)比，超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)處理的(de)(de)(de)SPI表面(mian)(mian)(mian)疏水(shui)(shui)性增加(jia)（P＜），可能(neng)是因(yin)為超(chao)(chao)聲(sheng)波(bo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)化作(zuo)用(yong)破(po)(po)壞了蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)分子(zi)空(kong)間結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，暴露(lu)出分子(zi)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)疏水(shui)(shui)性氨(an)基酸(suan)殘基，這(zhe)些疏水(shui)(shui)性基團(tuan)吸附在蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)，導(dao)(dao)致蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)疏水(shui)(shui)性增加(jia)。堿處理的(de)(de)(de)SPI表面(mian)(mian)(mian)疏水(shui)(shui)性也發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)變化（P＜），這(zhe)是因(yin)為堿誘(you)導(dao)(dao)使(shi)蛋白(bai)(bai)質(zhi)二硫(liu)鍵(jian)遭到破(po)(po)壞，亞基發(fa)生(sheng)解(jie)離，造成包埋在分子(zi)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)疏水(shui)(shui)基團(tuan)暴露(lu)在分子(zi)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)，進(jin)而導(dao)(dao)致表面(mian)(mian)(mian)疏水(shui)(shui)性增加(jia)。在水(shui)(shui)處理工業中，堿可用(yong)于調(diao)節水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)堿度(du)(du)(du)和硬度(du)(du)(du)。硫(liu)化堿廠(chang)家批發(fa)

在皮革工業(ye)中，堿可用(yong)于制造(zao)皮革和皮革制品。工業(ye)大蘇打總代

大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)，是硫(liu)(liu)代硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鈉(na)（Na2S2O3·5H2O）的俗名，又稱“海波”，大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)是無色透(tou)明的結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)，具(ju)有弱堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易溶于水，但不(bu)易溶于酒(jiu)精(jing)。工(gong)業普遍(bian)使用(yong)用(yong)亞硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鈉(na)與硫(liu)(liu)磺共煮(zhu)得(de)到硫(liu)(liu)代硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鈉(na)，經重結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)精(jing)制：Na2SO3+S+5H2O=Na2S2O3·5H2O它(ta)在(zai)33℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的干燥空(kong)氣中(zhong)風化而失去結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)水。在(zai)中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)溶液(ye)中(zhong)較穩定(ding)，在(zai)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)溶液(ye)中(zhong)會(hui)迅速分(fen)解：Na2S2O3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+S↓+SO2↑大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)具(ju)有很強的絡合能(neng)力，能(neng)跟溴(xiu)化銀(yin)(yin)形成絡合物(wu)。反應式(shi)：AgBr+2Na2S2O3=NaBr+Na3〔Ag(S2O3)2〕根據(ju)這一性(xing)(xing)(xing)質，它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)作定(ding)影(ying)劑(ji)。洗相時(shi)，過量(liang)的大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)跟底片上(shang)未感光(guang)部分(fen)的溴(xiu)化銀(yin)(yin)反應，轉化為(wei)可(ke)溶的Na3〔Ag(S2O3)2〕，把AgBr除掉，使顯影(ying)部分(fen)固定(ding)下來(lai)。大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)還(huan)具(ju)有較強的還(huan)原性(xing)(xing)(xing)，能(neng)將氯氣等物(wu)質還(huan)原。Na2S2O3+4Cl2+5H2O=H2SO4+2NaCl+6HCl所以(yi)(yi)，它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)作為(wei)綿織(zhi)物(wu)漂白后的脫氯劑(ji)。類似的道(dao)理，織(zhi)物(wu)上(shang)的碘漬也可(ke)用(yong)它(ta)除去。另外，大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)還(huan)用(yong)于鞣(rou)制皮革、電鍍以(yi)(yi)及(ji)由礦(kuang)石中(zhong)提取銀(yin)(yin)等。工(gong)業大(da)(da)蘇(su)(su)打(da)總(zong)代

國(guo)濤(tao)化(hua)工(gong)，2004-07-06正(zheng)式(shi)啟動，成立了(le)污水處(chu)理常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥劑(ji)(ji)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)系列原材料，建(jian)筑外加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)類，?油(you)(you)漆、潤(run)(run)滑油(you)(you)類等(deng)幾大(da)(da)市(shi)場(chang)布局，應對行(xing)業(ye)變化(hua)，順應市(shi)場(chang)趨(qu)勢發展，在創(chuang)新(xin)中尋求突破(po)，進而(er)提(ti)升國(guo)濤(tao)化(hua)工(gong)的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)力，把握市(shi)場(chang)機遇，推(tui)動化(hua)工(gong)產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)進步。業(ye)務(wu)涵蓋了(le)污水處(chu)理常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥劑(ji)(ji)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)系列原材料，建(jian)筑外加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)類，?油(you)(you)漆、潤(run)(run)滑油(you)(you)類等(deng)諸多領域(yu)，尤其污水處(chu)理常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥劑(ji)(ji)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)系列原材料，建(jian)筑外加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)類，?油(you)(you)漆、潤(run)(run)滑油(you)(you)類中具有(you)(you)強勁優勢，完(wan)成了(le)一大(da)(da)批(pi)具特色和時代特征的(de)(de)化(hua)工(gong)項目；同(tong)時在設計(ji)原創(chuang)、科(ke)技創(chuang)新(xin)、標(biao)準規范等(deng)方面推(tui)動行(xing)業(ye)發展。隨著我們的(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)不斷擴展，從(cong)污水處(chu)理常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥劑(ji)(ji)，鉆(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)系列原材料，建(jian)筑外加(jia)劑(ji)(ji)類，?油(you)(you)漆、潤(run)(run)滑油(you)(you)類等(deng)到眾多其他(ta)領域(yu)，已經逐步成長為一個(ge)獨特，且(qie)具有(you)(you)活力與創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)企業(ye)。值(zhi)得一提(ti)的(de)(de)是，國(guo)濤(tao)化(hua)工(gong)致力于為用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)帶去更(geng)為定向、專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)化(hua)工(gong)一體(ti)化(hua)解決(jue)方案，在有(you)(you)效降低用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)成本(ben)的(de)(de)同(tong)時，更(geng)能憑(ping)借(jie)科(ke)學的(de)(de)技術讓(rang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)極大(da)(da)限(xian)度(du)地挖掘國(guo)濤(tao)化(hua)工(gong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)潛能。

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