透(tou)(tou)射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)即透(tou)(tou)射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)顯(xian)(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)通常稱作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)顯(xian)(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)(EM)，是使(shi)用(yong)較為普遍的(de)一類電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)。工(gong)作(zuo)原理：在(zai)真空條件下，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束經高壓(ya)加速后，穿透(tou)(tou)樣品時形成(cheng)散射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)和透(tou)(tou)射(she)(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)，它們在(zai)電(dian)(dian)磁透(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下在(zai)熒光(guang)屏上成(cheng)像(xiang)。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束投射(she)(she)到樣品時，可隨組(zu)織構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的(de)密度不同而發生相(xiang)應的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)發射(she)(she)，如電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束投射(she)(she)到質量大(da)的(de)結構(gou)(gou)時，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)被散射(she)(she)的(de)多，因此投射(she)(she)到熒光(guang)屏上的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)少而呈暗像(xiang)，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)照片(pian)上則呈黑色。主(zhu)要優(you)點：分(fen)(fen)辨率高，可用(yong)來(lai)觀察組(zu)織和細胞內(nei)部的(de)超微結構(gou)(gou)以及微生物(wu)和生物(wu)大(da)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)的(de)全貌。光(guang)學顯(xian)(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)使(shi)用(yong)可見光(guang)進(jin)行(xing)照明(ming)，用(yong)光(guang)學透(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)進(jin)行(xing)聚焦(jiao)。深圳(zhen)三豐工(gong)具測量顯(xian)(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)廠(chang)家

顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)簡史隨著(zhu)科學(xue)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步，人(ren)們越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)需(xu)要觀(guan)察微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀(guan)世界，顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)正(zheng)是這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備，它突破了(le)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺極限，使(shi)之延伸到(dao)肉眼無法(fa)看清的(de)(de)(de)(de)細微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)。顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)是從十五世紀開始(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)。從簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)放大鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上設計出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)，到(dao)1847年(nian)德國研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)復式(shi)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)，以(yi)(yi)及相差，熒光(guang)(guang)，偏光(guang)(guang)，顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀(guan)察方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)，使(shi)之更廣范地應用(yong)于金屬材料，生物(wu)學(xue)，化(hua)工等領域。第二章顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)光(guang)(guang)學(xue)原理(li)一．折射(she)和折射(she)率光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)在均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各向同(tong)性介質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，兩點之間(jian)以(yi)(yi)直線(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)播，當(dang)通過不(bu)同(tong)密度(du)介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)透(tou)明(ming)(ming)物(wu)體時，則發(fa)生折射(she)現(xian)(xian)像，這(zhe)是由于光(guang)(guang)在不(bu)同(tong)介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播速(su)度(du)不(bu)同(tong)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)與透(tou)明(ming)(ming)物(wu)面不(bu)垂直的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)由空氣射(she)入透(tou)明(ming)(ming)物(wu)體(如玻璃)時，光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)在其(qi)介面改變了(le)方(fang)向，并(bing)和法(fa)線(xian)(xian)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)折射(she)角。深圳三(san)豐(feng)工具測量顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)廠家在高新(xin)科技持續發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況下，光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型也是提升了(le)許多。

與(yu)光學顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)類(lei)似，掃描電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing) SEM 使用透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子的路(lu)徑。因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子不能透(tou)(tou)(tou)過玻璃，這(zhe)里所(suo)用的是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)。他們簡單的由(you)線圈(quan)和(he)金(jin)屬極片構成。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過線圈(quan)，就會(hui)產生(sheng)磁場(chang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子對磁場(chang)十分敏感，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子在(zai)(zai)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)腔室的路(lu)徑就可以由(you)這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)——調(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小可以控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)磁場(chang)強(qiang)度。通常(chang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)有兩種：會(hui)聚(ju)(ju)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子通往(wang)樣品(pin)時首先(xian)遇到(dao)的透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)。會(hui)聚(ju)(ju)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)會(hui)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)錐角張開之前(qian)(qian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)會(hui)聚(ju)(ju)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子在(zai)(zai)轟擊樣品(pin)之前(qian)(qian)會(hui)再由(you)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)會(hui)聚(ju)(ju)一次(ci)。會(hui)聚(ju)(ju)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)決定(ding)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)的尺寸（決定(ding)著分辨(bian)率），物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)則主要負責將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)聚(ju)(ju)焦到(dao)樣品(pin)上。掃描電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的光路(lu)系統(tong)同樣還包(bao)含了用于將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)樣品(pin)表面光柵(zha)化(hua)的掃描線圈(quan)。在(zai)(zai)許多時候(hou)，孔徑光闌會(hui)結合(he)透(tou)(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)一起控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子束(shu)(shu)大小。

顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)使(shi)(shi)用的注意(yi)點：禁止單手(shou)提拿顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)和(he)隨意(yi)拆卸零部件，需按使(shi)(shi)用說明書或(huo)(huo)SOP規(gui)范操作(zuo)；低倍(bei)下調焦(jiao)時先上升(sheng)(sheng)載物(wu)臺（或(huo)(huo)下降鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)），再緩(huan)慢下降載物(wu)臺或(huo)(huo)上升(sheng)(sheng)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)，使(shi)(shi)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)(tou)與玻片距離由小到(dao)大調焦(jiao)。一般直接轉換成高倍(bei)鏡(jing)(jing)后(hou)細調焦(jiao)距；觀(guan)察標本時兩(liang)眼(yan)(yan)應同時睜開，避免使(shi)(shi)用單只眼(yan)(yan)觀(guan)察；調節合適的光圈和(he)電流強度(du)可使(shi)(shi)成像更清晰；如果使(shi)(shi)用100×油鏡(jing)(jing)，應在標本上滴一滴香柏油，使(shi)(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)(tou)底端與該(gai)介質接觸。觀(guan)察完后(hou)及時用二甲苯(ben)擦拭油鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)(tou)。注意(yi)其(qi)它(ta)鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)(tou)不(bu)得接觸香柏油。國(guo)內顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)機械筒(tong)長度(du)一般是160毫米(mi)，其(qi)中對顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)研制。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)、真空(kong)系(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)三部(bu)分組成(cheng)，下(xia)面(mian)分別介紹(shao)三部(bu)分：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)光學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)、樣品架、熒光屏和(he)(he)照相機構等部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，這(zhe)些部(bu)件(jian)(jian)通常是自上而下(xia)地(di)裝(zhuang)配成(cheng)一個(ge)柱體。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)噴頭是由(you)鎢絲熱陰極(ji)、柵極(ji)和(he)(he)陰極(ji)構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)。它(ta)能發射并形(xing)成(cheng)速度(du)(du)均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)，所(suo)以(yi)加速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定度(du)(du)要(yao)求不低于(yu)萬分之一。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)中較重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，它(ta)用一個(ge)對稱于(yu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)軸線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)或磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)軌跡向軸線彎曲形(xing)成(cheng)聚焦(jiao)，其作(zuo)(zuo)用與玻璃凸(tu)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)使光束(shu)聚焦(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用相似，所(suo)以(yi)稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)。現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)大多采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，由(you)很(hen)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直流勵磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過帶(dai)極(ji)靴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線圈產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聚焦(jiao)。數碼(ma)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢在于(yu)儀器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人機工程學(xue)設計(ji)。深圳三豐工具(ju)測量(liang)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)廠家

熒光(guang)鏡檢術一般(ban)分為(wei)透射和落射式兩(liang)種(zhong)類型(xing)。深圳三豐(feng)工(gong)具測量顯(xian)微(wei)鏡廠(chang)家

顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的工(gong)作(zuo)距離就是(shi)指物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的工(gong)作(zuo)距離，但(dan)是(shi)無窮遠(yuan)像(xiang)距顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的工(gong)作(zuo)距離可以比同放大(da)倍率的195顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的長。顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的用途及(ji)分(fen)(fen)類目前，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)已由傳統的生物(wu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)演變成諸(zhu)多種類的專門(men)用顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，按照其成像(xiang)原理可分(fen)(fen)為：①幾何光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包括(kuo)(kuo)生物(wu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、落射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、倒(dao)置顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金相(xiang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、暗視(shi)野(ye)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。②物(wu)理光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包括(kuo)(kuo)相(xiang)差(cha)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、干涉(she)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)差(cha)偏振光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)差(cha)干涉(she)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)差(cha)熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。③信息轉換(huan)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包括(kuo)(kuo)熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)度計(ji)、圖像(xiang)分(fen)(fen)析顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、聲學顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、照相(xiang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、電視(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。深圳三豐(feng)工(gong)具測量顯(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)廠家

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