透(tou)(tou)射(she)電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)即(ji)透(tou)(tou)射(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)顯微鏡(jing)通常稱作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)顯微鏡(jing)或電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(EM)，是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)較為普遍(bian)的(de)一類電(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)。工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)原理：在(zai)(zai)真(zhen)空條件下，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)經高(gao)壓加(jia)速后(hou)，穿透(tou)(tou)樣品時形成(cheng)散射(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)和(he)透(tou)(tou)射(she)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)，它們在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)磁透(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下在(zai)(zai)熒光(guang)(guang)屏上成(cheng)像。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)投(tou)射(she)到(dao)樣品時，可(ke)隨組(zu)織構成(cheng)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)的(de)密度不同而(er)(er)發生相應的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)發射(she)，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)束(shu)投(tou)射(she)到(dao)質量大(da)的(de)結構時，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)被散射(she)的(de)多，因此投(tou)射(she)到(dao)熒光(guang)(guang)屏上的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)少而(er)(er)呈(cheng)暗像，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)照片上則呈(cheng)黑色。主要(yao)優(you)點(dian)：分(fen)(fen)辨率高(gao)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)來觀察組(zu)織和(he)細胞(bao)內部的(de)超(chao)微結構以(yi)及微生物(wu)和(he)生物(wu)大(da)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)的(de)全貌。光(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯微鏡(jing)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)可(ke)見(jian)光(guang)(guang)進(jin)行(xing)照明，用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)學(xue)透(tou)(tou)鏡(jing)進(jin)行(xing)聚(ju)焦。深圳三豐工(gong)具測量顯微鏡(jing)廠家

顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)簡史隨著科(ke)學(xue)技術的(de)(de)進步，人們越來(lai)越需要觀察(cha)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀世界(jie)，顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)正是(shi)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)設(she)備，它突破了人類的(de)(de)視(shi)覺極(ji)限(xian)，使(shi)(shi)之延(yan)伸到(dao)肉眼無法看清的(de)(de)細微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)結構(gou)。顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)是(shi)從(cong)十五世紀開始發(fa)展起來(lai)。從(cong)簡單的(de)(de)放大(da)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上設(she)計(ji)出(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)單透(tou)鏡(jing)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)，到(dao)1847年德(de)國研制的(de)(de)結構(gou)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)復(fu)式顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)，以及相差，熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，偏光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀察(cha)方式的(de)(de)出(chu)現，使(shi)(shi)之更廣范地應用(yong)于金屬材料(liao)，生(sheng)物學(xue)，化工等領域(yu)。第二章顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)基(ji)本光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學(xue)原理一(yi)．折射和折射率光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)均勻的(de)(de)各向(xiang)同(tong)性介(jie)質中，兩點之間(jian)以直線(xian)(xian)傳播，當(dang)通過不(bu)同(tong)密(mi)度(du)介(jie)質的(de)(de)透(tou)明物體時(shi)，則(ze)發(fa)生(sheng)折射現像，這(zhe)是(shi)由于光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)同(tong)介(jie)質的(de)(de)傳播速度(du)不(bu)同(tong)造成的(de)(de)。當(dang)與透(tou)明物面(mian)不(bu)垂直的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)由空(kong)氣射入(ru)透(tou)明物體(如玻璃)時(shi)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)介(jie)面(mian)改變了方向(xiang)，并和法線(xian)(xian)構(gou)成折射角。深圳三豐工具測量顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)廠家在(zai)(zai)高新科(ke)技持(chi)續發(fa)展趨勢(shi)的(de)(de)狀況(kuang)下，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學(xue)顯(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)類型也是(shi)提升(sheng)了許多。

與光學顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類似(si)，掃(sao)(sao)描電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) SEM 使用透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)來控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的路徑。因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不能透(tou)過(guo)玻璃(li)，這(zhe)里所用的是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。他們(men)簡(jian)單的由(you)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)和金屬極片構成(cheng)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過(guo)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產生磁(ci)場。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)對磁(ci)場十分敏感，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)腔室的路徑就(jiu)可以(yi)由(you)這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)控制——調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小可以(yi)控制磁(ci)場強度。通常，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有兩種(zhong)：會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)聚鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)通往樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)時(shi)首先遇到的透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)聚鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)錐角張開(kai)之前將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)聚，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)轟擊(ji)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)之前會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)再由(you)物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)聚一次。會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)聚鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)決定了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)的尺寸（決定著分辨率(lv)），物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)則(ze)主要負責將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)聚焦到樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)上。掃(sao)(sao)描電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的光路系統同樣(yang)(yang)(yang)還包含了用于將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)在(zai)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)表(biao)面(mian)光柵(zha)化的掃(sao)(sao)描線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。在(zai)許多(duo)時(shi)候，孔徑光闌會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)結(jie)合(he)透(tou)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一起控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束(shu)(shu)大小。

顯微鏡(jing)(jing)使(shi)(shi)用的注意點：禁止單手提拿顯微鏡(jing)(jing)和(he)隨意拆卸零部件，需按(an)使(shi)(shi)用說(shuo)明書或SOP規(gui)范操(cao)作；低倍下調焦(jiao)時先上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)載(zai)物臺(tai)（或下降鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)），再(zai)緩慢下降載(zai)物臺(tai)或上(shang)升(sheng)(sheng)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)，使(shi)(shi)物鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)與玻片距離由小到大調焦(jiao)。一(yi)般(ban)直接轉換(huan)成高倍鏡(jing)(jing)后(hou)細調焦(jiao)距；觀察標本時兩眼(yan)應同時睜(zheng)開，避免使(shi)(shi)用單只眼(yan)觀察；調節合(he)適的光圈和(he)電流強(qiang)度可使(shi)(shi)成像更清晰；如果使(shi)(shi)用100×油鏡(jing)(jing)，應在標本上(shang)滴(di)一(yi)滴(di)香(xiang)柏(bo)油，使(shi)(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)底端(duan)與該介質接觸(chu)。觀察完后(hou)及時用二甲苯擦拭油鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)。注意其(qi)(qi)它鏡(jing)(jing)頭(tou)不得接觸(chu)香(xiang)柏(bo)油。國(guo)內顯微鏡(jing)(jing)機械筒(tong)長度一(yi)般(ban)是160毫米，其(qi)(qi)中對顯微鏡(jing)(jing)研制。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、真空(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)三(san)(san)部(bu)分(fen)組成，下面分(fen)別介紹三(san)(san)部(bu)分(fen)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)學(xue)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)主要有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)透鏡(jing)(jing)、樣品架、熒光(guang)屏和照相機構等部(bu)件(jian)，這些部(bu)件(jian)通常是(shi)自上(shang)而下地裝配成一個(ge)柱體(ti)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)噴頭是(shi)由鎢絲熱陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)、柵極(ji)(ji)和陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)構成的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)。它能發射并形成速度均勻的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)束，所以加(jia)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)穩定度要求不低于萬分(fen)之一。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)透鏡(jing)(jing)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)中較重要的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)件(jian)，它用(yong)(yong)(yong)一個(ge)對稱(cheng)于鏡(jing)(jing)筒(tong)軸線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場或磁(ci)場使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)軌跡向軸線(xian)(xian)彎(wan)曲(qu)形成聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)，其作用(yong)(yong)(yong)與玻璃凸透鏡(jing)(jing)使光(guang)束聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)相似，所以稱(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)透鏡(jing)(jing)。現代(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)大多采用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)透鏡(jing)(jing)，由很穩定的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通過帶極(ji)(ji)靴的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)圈產生的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)磁(ci)場使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)。數碼顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)優勢在于儀器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)人機工程學(xue)設計(ji)。深圳三(san)(san)豐工具測量顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)廠(chang)家

熒光(guang)鏡檢術一般分為透射和落射式兩種類型。深圳三豐工具測量顯微鏡廠家

顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)工(gong)作距(ju)(ju)離就是(shi)指(zhi)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)工(gong)作距(ju)(ju)離，但是(shi)無窮遠像距(ju)(ju)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)工(gong)作距(ju)(ju)離可以比同放大(da)倍率的(de)195顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)長。顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)用途及(ji)分類目(mu)前，光(guang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)已由傳統的(de)生物顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)演變成諸多種類的(de)專(zhuan)門用顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，按照其成像原理可分為：①幾何(he)光(guang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包(bao)括(kuo)生物顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、落射光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、倒置顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金相(xiang)(xiang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、暗視(shi)野顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。②物理光(guang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包(bao)括(kuo)相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、偏光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、干(gan)涉顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)偏振光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)干(gan)涉顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)熒(ying)光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。③信息(xi)轉換顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)：包(bao)括(kuo)熒(ying)光(guang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分光(guang)光(guang)度計、圖像分析顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、聲學(xue)(xue)(xue)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、照相(xiang)(xiang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、電視(shi)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。深圳三豐(feng)工(gong)具測量(liang)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)廠家

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